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Rush, Benjamin

  • 1 Rush, Benjamin

    (1745-1813) Раш, Бенджамин
    Политический деятель, медик. В 1769 стал первым профессором химии в колониях. Делегат Континентального конгресса [ Continental Congresses] в 1776-77, один из подписавших Декларацию независимости [ Declaration of Independence]. Во время Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] был хирургом в Континентальной армии [ Continental Army]. В 1786 организовал первую в стране бесплатную больницу. Был активным аболиционистом [ abolition] на начальном этапе движения. Внес значительный вклад в медицину, определив умопомешательство как болезнь. Его работа "Медицинские исследования и наблюдения за болезнями рассудка" ["Medical Enquires and Observations of the Mind"] (1812) является первым трудом в области психиатрии в США. В значительной степени его деятельность связана с Пенсильванским университетом [ Pennsylvania, University of]. Отец Р. Раша [ Rush, Richard]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rush, Benjamin

  • 2 Rush, Richard

    (1746-1859) Раш, Ричард
    Государственный деятель, дипломат. Сын Б. Раша [ Rush, Benjamin]. Министр юстиции США [ Attorney General of the United States] (1814-17) в администрации Дж. Мэдисона [ Madison, James]. В 1817, временно занимая пост государственного секретаря [ Secretary of State], участвовал в переговорах о демилитаризации района Великих озер [ Rush-Bagot Treaty]. В 1817-25 посланник США в Великобритании, вел переговоры по заключению Конвенции 1818 года [ Convention of 1818]. На выборах 1828 выдвигал свою кандидатуру на пост президента. Сыграл значительную роль в создании Смитсоновского института [ Smithsonian Institution]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rush, Richard

  • 3 Rush, William

    (1756-1833) Раш, Уильям
    Скульптор и резчик по дереву. Автор ряда деревянных статуй в Филадельфии, в том числе Дж. Вашингтона [ Washington, George], а также скульптурных портретов У. Пенна [ Penn, William, Jr.] и Б. Франклина [ Franklin, Benjamin]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rush, William

  • 4 Holt, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USA
    d. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA
    [br]
    American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.
    [br]
    In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).
    R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Holt, Benjamin

  • 5 Murphy, John Benjamin

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1857 Appleton, Wisconsin, USA
    d. 11 August 1916 Mackinac, Michigan, USA
    [br]
    American surgeon, pioneer of intestinal anastomosis and proponent of joint replacement.
    [br]
    Murphy qualified in 1879 at Rush Medical College. After postgraduate study in Vienna, he returned to Chicago and was appointed Professor of Surgery at Northwestern University. He pioneered surgical techniques in the pneumothoracic, biliary and gastrointestinal systems with the invention of the Murphy "button" for intestinal anastomosis. He also originated a procedure for the replacement of infected joints utilizing a living graft of fascial tissue. He was described by W.J. Mayo as "the surgical genius of our century".
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight Commander of the Order of St Gregory 1910. Hon. Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons 1913. Laetare Medal, Notre Dame University 1902.
    Bibliography
    1897, "Resection of arteries and veins injured in continuity", Medical Record, New York.
    Further Reading
    Kelly \& Burrage, 1928, The Surgical Clinics of John B.Murphy MD at Mercy Hospital, Chicago.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Murphy, John Benjamin

  • 6 gravitas

    •• * Замечательное слово, отсутствующее в большинстве словарей. С развертыванием предвыборной кампании в США оно все чаще появляется в периодике. Вот пример из журнала Time:

    •• John Edwards: A charismatic newcomer seemed just what the [Democratic] party was looking for – until 9/11 put a premium on gravitas.
    •• Это наиболее частый контекст употребления этого слова, но иногда оно относится не только к людям:
    •• With its black marble gravitas, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington tells the anguished story of how America got sucked in deeper and deeper, with the death toll rising along with the memorial’s V-shaped design. (New York Times)
    •• American Heritage Dictionary дает следующее определение: 1. Substance; weightiness: a frivolous biography that lacks the gravitas of its subject. 2. A serious or dignified demeanor: “Our national father figure needs gravitas, [but] he’s pitched himself as the kid brother.” (John Leo, Mother Jones).
    •• По существу значение одно, и его неплохо, на мой взгляд, схватывает определение в онлайновом словаре www.dictionary.com: High seriousness (as in a person’s bearing or in the treatment of a subject).
    •• Интересные рассуждения об этом слове – на сайте www.quinion.com (Michael Quinion writes about international English from a British viewpoint):
    •• Ever since George W. Bush picked Richard Cheney as his running mate, the candidates in the American presidential race have been vying to see who can demonstrate the greatest gravitas, or appearance of dignity and seriousness. The Washington Times earlier this month called it the “ gravitas gambit,” and Rush Limbaugh has been having fun playing recordings to illustrate how it has become the media buzzword of the campaign.
    •• <...> A weighty word indeed, the opposite of levity, a lightness that causes bodies to rise, a tendency for people to exhibit lightweight attitudes. <...>
    •• In the past couple of decades, it has become accepted as a proper English word, is now printed without the italics, and has become more popular. There are signs that it is losing some of its force: a headline in the financial pages of the Daily Telegraph last month shouted that “ Vodafone provides the gravitas,” meaning only that the mobile phone company’s excellent share performance was propping up the stock market.
    •• Иногда определение (через синонимию) дается в тексте, как, например, в ироничной статье в Princeton Packet Online:
    •• In an effort to be included within the spirit of inclusion characterizing the upcoming presidential election. I contracted with myself to do a poll asking whether the town of Princeton has “gravitas.” Defined as reservedness, dignity, good taste, legitimacy, propriety, seriousness, thoughtful decision-making, gravitas is being touted as a crucial quality for those who intend to lead America into the 21st century.
    •• При большом разбросе контекстов и оттенков значения предложить варианты перевода для словаря не так просто. У меня есть подозрение, что наши политологи и журналисты могут соблазниться на прямое заимствование. Хотя, по-моему, неплохо основательность, собственный вес, иногда просто серьезность или достоинство. В контексте возможны и другие варианты, например, Our national father figure needs gravitas. – Человек, претендующий на роль отца нации, должен быть тяжеловесом (вспоминается «политический тяжеловес» – так в трудную для себя минуту охарактеризовал президент Ельцин В.С.Черномырдина).
    •• Как часто бывает, может выручить антонимический перевод:
    •• And we want to tell our readers about sharp, clever books, utterly lacking in gravitas, that we know will delight them on the beach or the bus. (Benjamin Schwarz. Some of the best books of 2001) – Мы хотим рассказать о книгах, написанных бойко и толково, но при этом совершенно легковесных, которые наверняка доставят вам удовольствие на пляже или в автобусе.
    •• Пожалуй, часто подойдет слово солидность – ведь его можно употребить и в отношении людей, и в отношении предметов и явлений.
    •• Самый первый пример – из New York Times – пожалуй, и самый трудный. Можно попробовать, например:
    •• Исполненный торжественного достоинства, вашингтонский мемориал ветеранов войны во Вьетнаме, с его V-образными стелами из черного мрамора, служит тревожным напоминанием о том, как Америка все глубже втягивалась в войну, как день за днем росло число погибших.
    •• Vodafone provides the gravitas – судя по объяснению Квиниона, Водафон удерживает рынок.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > gravitas

См. также в других словарях:

  • Rush,Benjamin — Rush (rŭsh), Benjamin. 1745 1813. American physician, politician, and educator. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he promoted the abolition of slavery and the humane treatment of the mentally handicapped. * * * …   Universalium

  • Rush, Benjamin — born Jan. 4, 1746, Byberry, near Philadelphia, Pa. died April 19, 1813, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. U.S. physician and political leader. He attended the College of New Jersey at Princeton. As a doctor, he was a dogmatic theorist who proposed that all …   Universalium

  • Rush, Benjamin —    (1746–1813)    Called the father of American psychiatry, Rush was born in Byberry, Pennsylvania, the son of a gunsmith. He began the study of medicine, as was common in those days, as an apprentice, then in 1768 graduated with an M.D. from… …   Historical dictionary of Psychiatry

  • Rush, Benjamin — (4 ene. 1746, Byberry, cerca de Filadelfia, Pa., EE.UU.–19 abr. 1813, Filadelfia, Pa.). Médico y líder político estadounidense. Asistió al College de Nueva Jersey en Princeton. Como médico fue un teórico dogmático que propuso que todas las… …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • RUSH, BENJAMIN —    a noted American physician and professor, born at Byberry, near Philadelphia; studied medicine at Princeton and Edinburgh; became professor of chemistry at Philadelphia in 1769; sat in Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence… …   The Nuttall Encyclopaedia

  • Benjamin Rush — Dr. Benjamin Rush, painted by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1818 Born January 4, 1746(1746 01 04) Byberry, Philadelphia County …   Wikipedia

  • Rush — /rush/, n. 1. Benjamin, 1745 1813, U.S. physician and political leader: author of medical treatises. 2. his son, Richard, 1780 1859, U.S. lawyer, politician, and diplomat. * * * I Any of several flowering plants distinguished by cylindrical… …   Universalium

  • rush — rəsh n 1) a rapid and extensive wave of peristalsis along the walls of the intestine <peristaltic rush> 2) the immediate pleasurable feeling produced by a drug (as heroin or amphetamine) called also flash * * * (rush) Benjamin, 1745–1813 …   Medical dictionary

  • Rush — [rush] Benjamin 1745 1813; Am. physician: signer of the Declaration of Independence …   English World dictionary

  • Benjamin Rush — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rush. Benjamin Rush Portrait par …   Wikipédia en Français

  • rush — rush1 rushingly, adv. /rush/, v.i. 1. to move, act, or progress with speed, impetuosity, or violence. 2. to dash, esp. to dash forward for an attack or onslaught. 3. to appear, go, pass, etc., rapidly or suddenly: The blood rushed to his face. 4 …   Universalium

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